The UPSD, FedEx, and the United States Postal Service and Their Comparison

A brief overview of the task While comparing three delivery companies – the UPSD, FedEx, and the United States Postal Service, it is necessary to highlight some fundamentals on each agency.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The UPSD, FedEx, and the United States Postal Service and Their Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main purpose of the current report is to compare the delivery services, which compete with each other and define the unique features these services provide clients with. The selection criteria the services can be compared according to involve the kind of the domestic service and the time of delivery. Other characteristics are considered to be inappropriate, as there are no general data the chosen services can be applied to. It is necessary to define the speed of delivery of each company and therefore, to choose the most appropriate delivery service. A historical background The United States Postal Service The United States Postal Service was established at the end of the 18th century in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The number of employees is approximately 574 001. Employees who work at the USPS are divided into several groups. They are classified according to the posts they fill. There are mail carriers, rural carriers, mail handlers and processors, and clerks. Non-managerial posts involve transitional employees. An independent agency of the USA is bind to serve all citizens of the country despite their georgraphical locations. FedEx A public company FedEx Corporation was founded in the early seventieth of the 20th century by Frederick Wallace Emma Smith. The number of employees is 290 000.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Depending upon the items a company is obligated to deliver, four Standard Carrier Alpha Codes are used: FedEx Express, FedEx Gr ound, FedEx Freight and FedEx Custom Critical. FedEx Express is used to provide home and international air services (delivery takes a day). FedEx Ground is used to perform a wide range of deliveries, including parcels from merchants (FedEx SmartPost) and the business deliveries (within Canada). It operates trucks. One of the divisions of FedEx Ground, which is called FedEx Home Delivery, is used to carry packages only within the USA. FedEx SmartPost cooperates with the USPS to perform the final delivery. FedEx Freight also operates trucks. FedEx Freight, Inc. and FedEx Freight Canada are the divisions of Red Ex, which specializes in freight services. FedEx Custom Critical operates aircrafts and trucks and performs pressing deliveries. Some goods are not allowed to be transported. These involve alcohol, money, etc. The UPSD The United Parcel Service Delivery or the UPSD appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. The company specializes in logistics services, freight services and the courier deliveries.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The UPSD, FedEx, and the United States Postal Service and Their Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The number of employees is 398 300. The company performs packages and documents deliveries. The divisions of a package delivery company include U.S. Domestic Package, International Package and Supply Chain and Freight, which performs a wide range of services, including â€Å"worldwide supply chain design, execution and management, freight forwarding and distribution, customs brokerage, mail and consulting services in more than 175 countries worldwide† (â€Å"UPS† par. 4). A package delivery company competes with a variety of other postal services; however, its most serious competitors include such companies as FedEx and the USPS. A comparative analysis of the major delivery services The USPS Domestic Shipping and Mailing Services Servic e Delivery Time Express Mail ® Overnight delivery Express Mail Flat Rateâ„ ¢ Overnight delivery (Express Mail Flat Rateâ„ ¢ is obligated to serve most of the U.S. addresses. It also performs deliveries to military addresses. The allowable weight of items is up to 70 lbs.). Priority Mail ® 2-3 day delivery (Priority Mail ® specializes in documents and packages deliveries). Priority Mail Flat Rate Boxes and Envelopes ® 2-3 day delivery (Priority Mail Flat Rate Boxes and Envelopes ® is the USPS’s domestic service, which is recognized to be the simplest way to ship. The allowable weight of items is up to 70 lbs.).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prepaid Forever ® Priority Mail Flat Rate Packaging 2-3 day delivery Priority Mail Regional Rate Box ® 2-3 day delivery (The service requires no extra costs. Priority Mail Regional Rate Box ® performs Saturday deliveries. The allowable weight of items is up to 70 lbs.). First Class Mail ® 2-3 day delivery Parcel Post ® 2-8 day delivery (The kind of the service is mostly appropriate for oversized packages. Parcel Post ® performs non-urgent deliveries). Media Mail ® 2-8 day delivery (The service performs educational materials deliveries. Due to some circumstances transportation can be limited). The UPSD To calculate the cost of the services, special tools were designed. Thus, clients are to fill in a special form with certain data on weight, shipment date, origin, etc. to know the cost of deliveries. Domestic Services Service Delivery Time UPS Express Critical The same day (It specializes in urgent deliveries. The service performs deliveries to 50 states; although it is not available at locations of The UPS Store ®, UPS Drop Boxes, UPS Customer Centers, UPS Alliance Locations (Office Depot or Staples), or UPS Authorized Shipping Outlets. UPS Next Day Air Early A.M. Next business day by 8.00 a.m (The service performs deliveries to 48 states. It specializes in early morning deliveries. The service area also includes Hawaii, Alaska, Anchorage, Oahu). UPS Next Day Air Next business day by 10.30 a.m. (The service performs deliveries to 50 states). UPS Next Day Air Saver ® Next business day by 3.00 p.m. The service performs deliveries to 48 states. â€Å"Not available to destinations where UPS Next Day Air delivery is committed by end of day† (â€Å"UPS Next Day Air Saver ®Ã¢â‚¬  par. 2). UPS 2nd Day Air A.M. 2 business days (delivery by 10.30 a.m.) The service performs deliveries to 48 states UPS 2nd Day Air 2 business days (delivery by the end of the day) The service performs deliveries to 50 states UPS 3 Day Select 3 business days (deli very by the end of the day) The service performs deliveries to 48 states UPS Ground 1-5 business days (delivery depends upon distance) The service performs deliveries to 50 states. FedEx Corporation The FedEx Rate Tool is used to calculate shipping costs and delivery time. To obtain the required information, it is necessary to access their website. â€Å"FedEx offers flexible options to obtain rates for shipments, depending on clients’ needs† (â€Å"FedEx Rate Tools† par. 1). Service Delivery Time Same-day delivery FedEx SameDay ® cross-country delivery within hours FedEx SameDay ® City cross-city delivery within hours The allowable weight is up to 150 lbs. Next-business-day delivery FedEx First Overnight ® first thing the next-business-day morning FedEx Priority Overnight ® next-business-day morning FedEx Standard Overnight ® next-business-day afternoon The allowable weight is up to 150 lbs. 2- or 3-business-day delivery FedEx 2Day ® A.M. 2 business days in the morning FedEx 2Day ® 2 business days FedEx Express Saver ® 3 business days The allowable weight is up to 150 lbs. Business delivery via ground FedEx Ground ® 1-7 business days, based on distance to the destination The allowable weight is up to 150 lbs. Residential delivery via ground FedEx Home Delivery ® 1-7 business days, based on distance to the destination FedEx SmartPost ® typically 2-7 business days for low-weight packages The allowable weight is up to 70 lbs. (â€Å"U.S. Package Shipping: 150 Lbs. or Less† par. 1). Conclusion Each company provides its clients with a wide range of services. For this reason, it is not easy to define the most appropriate delivery agency, as all the compared delivery services operate at a high level of organization. They all possess unique features and satisfy a variety of clients’ requirements. The selection criteria the three delivery services have in common involve a wide range of the offered services and t he time of delivery. When comparing the time of delivery, it becomes obvious that the variable of all the companies depends on the kind of the service a client wants to use. As far as FedEx SmartPost cooperates with The USPS to perform the final deliveries, one can conclude that an independent agency has certain competitive advantages. On the other hand, FedEx and the UPSD perform freight services; so, the range of their operations seems to be somewhat wider. Delivery time of the USPS varies; although the company mostly specializes in 2-3 business day deliveries. The UPSD has a wide range of services, which perform next business day deliveries. FedEx specializes in the same day deliveries, next business day deliveries and 2-3 business day deliveries. Thus, it seems to be obvious that FedEx is the most appropriate delivery service people can use to satisfy the corresponding needs. Works Cited â€Å"FedEx Rate Tools.† Fedex.com. n.d. Web. â€Å"UPS.† Mahalo.com. n.d. Web . â€Å"UPS Next Day Air Saver ®.† Ups.com. n.d. Web. â€Å"U.S. Package Shipping: 150 Lbs. or Less.† Fedex.com. n.d. Web. This report on The UPSD, FedEx, and the United States Postal Service and Their Comparison was written and submitted by user Sonia Sutton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Todays Male essays

Todays Male essays For the most part, societies (a group of people which have common traditions, interests and institutions) have a large impact on the development of gender. Children grow up to learn from their parents, their neighbor, the baker down the road and it is this understanding of the world which constructs their lives. There is "socialization in general (the learning that neophytes do in order to become functioning members of society), and [there is] gender socialization in particular (the processes through which people learn to be feminine and masculine)" (Mackie, 1987:74). This research paper will deal with men in three fundamental areas of their lives: work, intimate relationships and family. To do this, the paper will only deal with men who have gone through "socialization in general" and who are in the changing process of "gender socialization". An infant or child has a crucial need for "experience with other human beings for its survival as a physical being and its development as a social being" (Mackie, 1987:77). In most societies, for the large part, males have grown up learning or expected to be a dominant figure, one with the power and independence (Doyle, 1989:108). In today's "modern" society, males are not only affected by family, friends or neighbors; they are now heavily influenced by other mediums, such as, TV, music, movies, sports, books (fairy tales), and magazines. These are but a few influences which help shape the modern male. Work occupies on average 40 hours a week, it therefore plays a considerably large role in peoples' lives. The Feminist movement showed, along with other issues, that it was the environment and structure of the workplace, which affected society a great deal. The Feminist movement highlighted the harsh reality of gender inequality in our society. Consequently, there seems to be an overwhelming consensus that males dominate, and have always dominated in the workplace. The reason for this unbal...

How to Look More Stylish At Work to Make a Great First Impression

How to Look More Stylish At Work to Make a Great First Impression It might sound shallow, but you really are judged on what you wear. So often the visual is the first impression that matters most when impressing clients or potential hirers. But even everyday work outfits can be the hardest to plan. Never fear! Here are a few suggestions for how to style your work look to put your best and most professional foot forwards of good textures to try include: leather, cotton, chiffon, silk, satin, and waxy coated fabrics.3. Get a good fit.Next time you’re clothes shopping or pruning back your wardrobe, try the following tricks. Check to see whether you can push your elbows back in a button-down shirt without buckling and gapping (no one at work wants to see your bra), and whether you can wedge a finger space into your waistband. Leave it on the rack if it isn’t special and doesn’t meet this criteria. And, most importantly, avoid anything that isn’t comfortable! And if a few wonderful things don’t fit you to a T- consider alterations.4. Spend more to get more.A few quality pieces can go a really long way. Invest in good examples of the following, and you’ll almost always have a mix-and-match outfit half ready to wear: a pair each of straight leg and skinny leg pants, a patterned knee length skirt, a plain black and plain white tank top underlayer (not too thin, not too strappy), a blazer, a great dress, a pair of multipurpose pumps, and one pair of comfy flats. Supplement with a few trendy things here and there, but don’t break the bank to get them. Try Target or Cue for these instead.5. Jazz it up.Jazz up your classic (or even downright boring) look with a single statement piece fun shoes, a bag, a fabulous necklace, interesting watch, or even lip or nail color. It’s all in the little deets.6. Mix business and casual.Turn a casual looking outfit: feminine top, structured trousers or jeans, jacket, and professional bag into something truly fierce with a pair of killer shoes. The shoes and quality of the bag (and structure/fit of the major pieces of the outfit) will sell it, even make you look relaxed, hypercompetent, and oh-so-chic.7. Go for the careless combo.Mix textures and shapes, fabrics, femme/masculine pieces, fits, etc. Sex up the shoes to sell this- even if that means a really nice pair of oxfords or brogues. Embrace your inner hipster.8. Femme it up.Go ahead and wear your chiffon dresses- just make sure the hem comes to your knees or lower, add a statement piece and/or a jacket or cardigan and a nice pair of shoes, and you can feel free to be your flowy, feminine self- even at work.9. Bring the edge.If you work in a creative field, you have the option of really playing with your textures and pieces and sexing up your wardrobe. Think chunky glasses, statement pieces, and trendy sneakers. The sky’s the limit, as long as you keep consistent with the brand you’re trying to build yourself.

Business and the global Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business and the global Economy - Essay Example Wal-Mart operates in 15 countries and employs 2.1 million employees worldwide. Wal-Mart is headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, USA. Wal-Mart was founded by Sam Walton, who also owns Sam's Club stores in the U.S. According to its' official site, Wal-Mart was founded in 1962, and was incorporated in 1969, and started trading on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972. The company grew rapidly and crossed domestic borders when it opened its first store near Mexico City in 1991(n.d.). Today, Wal-Mart operates in 14 countries outside of the U.S and its expansion doesn't seem to halt here. Wal-Mart is constantly succeeding as an international corporation and is in the race for global retail supremacy with other firms like Carrefour and Walgreens. What is it that has made Wal-Mart the king of the retail industry Along with its extensive local marketing, Wal-Mart has also seen success in expanding overseas through its unique market entry mode. In recent years, Wal-Mart has adopted a very different strategy to expanding both locally and globally through the use of supercentres. Wal-Mart's ideas of a supercentre have been very rewarding to the company and its overall objectives.

International Public Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Public Law - Essay Example Furthermore, policy-making is intensely prejudiced by the media, which tends to form communal views. The process of policy creation set up objectives from side to side conflict decree making solutions to policy troubles affecting a group of people. However, policy reply are often influenced since of insufficient information, middling policy design, and bad executive, due to influential media and additional interest group, and unproductive implementation. This income that the policy process is frequently not what the public was appears for in the primary place. By civilizing processes such as the foreword of reforms of the scheme, and media control, improved policy organization could be complete. The aim of international law is to check the behaviour among states since where there exists a society of states, the preservation of law and order becomes necessary. A state will, as a broad rule, do its utmost to act inside the confines of the structure of policy which make up international law. Any state disregarding these broad principles of peaceful and supportive cohabitation among states runs the risk of incurring the condemnation of the fellow states in the community. Such condemnation will hardly ever limit itself to a "tag" of bad standing, but could even lead to harsh consequences. International Public Laws: Present international law usually recognised as having its origin in the Middle Ages in Western Europe - where, at the time, procedure of decentralisation most important away from Roman Catholic Church plus Holy Roman Empire towards the Reformation plus rise of Nation-States - "Natural law", specified universalist territory and Church, originally theological (including divine exposure as one of its sources) - though by time of Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) natural law adopting a rationalist approach, being seen to gain from worldwide reason - Independence and parity of States interpret into need for consent - clear tension flanked by natural law plus notion of permission 2) Brief History of International Public Law In 1980 Dwight Waldo write that social discipline, which includes public administration, did not abandon ethics as some had optional but instead rejected bearing in mind ethics (4). Since that time, for a diversity of reasons, principles as a focus of notice in public administration has grown progressively or explode, depending on your tip of view, in academic- and practitioner-oriented investigate. The text in the area is vast, and numerous appraisals catalogue it. Rather than create a new set of categories, a brief account here can usually describe this corpse of literature for there purposes. For the sake of shortness, we primarily make very good reference for principles in public management to the Handbook of managerial Ethics, shortened by Terry L. Cooper, which is a new, comprehensive book containing 29 envoy public administration pieces on principles with numerous references. A recent conference in

Carl Rogers Essay Example for Free

Carl Rogers Essay Carl Rogers is known today as one of the most popular and influential American psychologists and is among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. He was born on January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. He was one of six children to Walter Rogers and Julia Cushing. His father was a very successful civil engineer and his mother was a housewife, as many women were during this time period. At the age of twelve, Carl Rogers and his family moved to a farm about 30 miles west of Chicago and it was here that he was to spend his adolescence. Julia Cushing, a devout Christian, had Carl Rogers begin his education in a strict religious environment. Due to his harsh upbringing, Rogers became rather isolated, independent, and self-disciplined. With the ability to read well before kindergarten, it was obvious that Rogers was ahead of his peers when it came to child development. He planned to attend the University of Wisconsin-Madison to study agriculture with undergraduate focus on history and religion, but then switched to religion to study for the ministry. During this time, Rogers was selected for a trip to Beijing, China for the â€Å"World Student Christian Federation Conference† for six months that would ironically result in him doubting his religious beliefs. After having these doubts, Rogers attended a seminar named, â€Å"Why am I Entering the Ministry?’’ for two years. He graduated the University of Wisconsin-Madison with a Bachelor’s Degree in History and would soon after change his career choice. After graduation he married Helen Elliot and switched to the clinical psychology program of Columbia University, and received his Ph.D. in 1931. He then began clinical work at the Rochester Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. It was there that he learned about Otto Rank’s theory and therapy techniques and began to develop his own approach. In 1945, Rogers was invited to set up a counseling center at the University of Chicago. While working there he published his first major work, Clie nt-Centered Therapy; this was where he outlined his basic theory. His theory was based upon years of experience dealing with his clients. He believed that every person has the motivation to continue to grow and develop. In other words, he saw mental health as a normal progression of life and mental illness as distortions of one’s natural tendency. The entire theory is built on a single â€Å"force of life† he calls the actualizing tendency or self-actualization. This was one of Carl Rogers most important contributions to psychology and for a person to reach their potential a number of factors must be satisfied. Actualizing tendency meant that if every individual strives to make the best of their existence and fails to do so; it is not for a lack of desire. He believed that humans would flourish and grow to their full potential if the conditions were right, but we are constrained by our environment. However, because every human is a unique individual, we are meant to develop differently according to our personalities. Rogers stated that humans can only be hindered from reaching their goal when a poor self- concept or negative external influences disrupt them. One of the main factors when trying to achieve self-actualization is congruence. Congruence is when a person’s â€Å"ideal self† (who they aspire to be) is the same as who they believe they are (self-image). Rogers described a person who has reached congruence as the â€Å"fully functioning person†. A â€Å"fully functioning person† was one who was pleased with their reality and continued to grow and change. Rogers identified five characteristics of the â€Å"fully functioning person†: open to experience, live for the moment, trust feelings, creativity, and satisfaction with life. Although the â€Å"fully functioning person† was ideal, Rogers realized and made it clear that most people do not ultimately achieve this state in life. Another one of Rogers’s main factors in achieving self-actualization is self-concept. Self-concept is the organized, consistent set of beliefs about one’s self. The two major sources of influence on a person’s self-concept are childhood experiences and evaluation by others. According to Rogers, people want to behave in ways which are consistent with their ideal self. The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. Rogers’s humanistic approach states that each person has a unique self-concept but everyone’s self-concept includes three components: self-worth, self-image, and ideal self. Seeing as though Carl Rogers was a therapist, he also had to do his part in assisting his clients in reaching self-actualization. Rogers believed that in order to help a client achieve their full potential a therapist must express complete acceptance of the patient. He began to use the expression client instead of patient due to the fact that the individuals that he was counseling did need help but not within the same regard that a medically ill person does. Today throughout the field of psychology it is a worldwide practice to address the individual as a client instead of a patient. He believed that a client did not need to completely surrender themselves to their therapists but they did need the assistance of the therapist. Self-actualization is centered on the idea of developing towards self-reliance and away from negative external influences. In conclusion, Carl Rogers made a huge impact on the field of psychology. He developed the idea of self-actualization and the concept that every individual strives to achieve their fullest potential in life. In an effort to assist his clients in achieving self-actualization, he developed Client-Centered Therapy which suggested that a client should be a catalyst for their own healing and that therapist’s role is to provide guidance and structure. He also did a lot of research with congruence and the â€Å"fully functioning person†, determining that the only way to reach these stages in life is to have a congruent â€Å"ideal self† and self-image. These developments are only some of Carl Rogers’s contributions to the world, throughout his career he received numerous amounts of prestigious awards validating how important he was to the field of psychology. Works Cited Kirschenbaum, Howard. On Becoming Carl Rogers. Oxford, England: Delacorte, 1979. Print. Rogers, Carl. Client Centered Therapy. London, United Kingdom: Constable, 2003. Print. McLeod, Saul. Carl Rogers. Simply Psychology, 2007. Web. 16 August 2012. Hall, Kathy Jo. Carl Rogers. Muskingum College, 1997. Web. 16 August 2012. Boeree, George C. Carl Rogers. Personality Theories, 2006. Web. 16 August 2012.

Bongo.. Always American Made - Analysis Of Bongo Jeans Ad :: essays research papers

BONGO.. Always American Made - Analysis of Bongo Jeans Ad This ad for Bongo jeans is from the April issue of Seventeen magazine. The ad gives no written description of the product. Only symbols and hidden messages are used to draw in the reader and stir up interest in the product. There is an attractive young couple engaged in what appears to be a strip-poker game. The man is obviously losing. He is apparently nude behind a card table, wearing only his shoes, with his jeans draped over him. His briefs are on the floor under the table, reinforcing the fact that he is nude. He has a look of disbelief on his face, but at the same time, he looks happy and content. It is almost as if he is thinking, "Oh no, now I am nude. What will I do now?". The young lady has obviously not lost a single hand. She is fully clothed and seems to be in total control of the game and her life. This makes sense since the magazine the ad appears in is geared towards teenage girls. She sits in a somewhat sensual pose, leaning forward, with a look of confidence and achievement on her face. She obviously knows that her hand is a winner, and that her companion will soon be without even his shoes. On the table are two glasses of milk. This is one of the most powerful images in the ad. I believe they are there to counteract the sexual overtones and idea of risk-taking in the ad. Milk is included as if to say, "Even though these two young people are probably going to have sex when the game is finished, they are wholesome, good people." Milk works much better than using soft drinks, for example. If the makers of the ad had used cola for instance, the reader could not have really known if the liquid in the glasses was cola, dark beer, or liquor. By using milk, the people who produced the ad made certain that the reader could make no mistake about what the glasses contain. Surrounding the border of the ad are playing cards. I believe they represent the idea of gambling and a "Devil may care" attitude. The cards convey to the reader that its all right to gamble and take chances. They seem to say, "If you wear our jeans, you can take chances and still be in control." Teen age girls are looking for this type of message, so this ad is very effective in relaying this thought.

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Chapter 14 – Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Pathology Infection and Disease 1. Pathology is the scientific study of disease – concerned with cause (etiology) and manner in which disease develops (pathogenesis) – Also concerned with structural and functional changes brought about by disease and final effects on the body 2. Infection – invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms 3. Disease – when infection results in change in state of health Normal Microbiota – 1. Free of microbes in utero, at birth gain lactobacilli in intestine from mothers vaginal canal, E. oli taken through food and inhabits intestine thru life 2. Ten times more bacterial cells than human cells in the body 3. Normal flora – normal microbiota 4. Transient microbiota – present for a while but disappear 5. Distribution of normal flora dependent on physical and chemical factors, defenses of the host and mechanical factors Relationshi p between Normal Flora and Host 1. Microbial antagonism – aka competitive exclusion – normal microbiota ability to protect the host from overgrowth of harmful microorganisms 2. Normal microbiota and host live in symbiosis – one is dependent on the other 3. The three types of symbiosis – commensalism (one organism benefits, other unaffected), mutualism (both benefit) and parasitism (one harmed and one benefits) 4. Probiotics – live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect Opportunistic Microorganisms 1. E. coli – normally harmless but in other parts of the body – cause UTI, pulmonary infections, meningitis or abscesses. 2. AIDS – compromises immune system – increases susceptibility to opportunistic infection e. g. Pneumocystis pneumonia The Etiology of Infectious Disease – Koch’s Postulates – 1. Koch established that microorganisms cause specific disease 2. Isolated microorganisms from diseased animal, grew in pure culture and identified, injected healthy animal, disease reproduced and identical 3. Experimental requirements – same pathogen must be present in every case of disease, pathogen must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture, pathogen must cause disease when inoculated into healthy animal, pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and shown to be original organism Exceptions to Koch’s postulates – 1. Unique culture environments – modified to establish etiologies of those that cannot be grown on artificial media e. g. viruses, syphilis, leprosy 2. Some disease such as tetanus have unequivocal signs and symptoms 3. Some disease may be caused by a number of microbes e. g. pneumonia and nephritis 4. Some pathogens cause several diseases e. g. S. pyogenes 5. Certain pathogens only cause disease in humans e. g. HIV Classifying Infectious diseases – 1. Every disease alters body structures and functions in particular ways ad are indicated by several kinds of evidences 2. Symptoms – changes in body functions 3. Signs – objective changes the physician can observe or measure e. g. lesions, swelling, fever and paralysis 4. Syndrome – a specific group of signs or symptoms that accompany a disease 5. Communicable disease – any disease that spreads from one host to another e. g. herpes, chickenpox, measles, typhoid fever and TB 6. Contagious diseases – Spread easily from host to host e. g. chickenpox 7. Noncommunicable Disease – caused by microorganisms that inhibit body and only occasionally produce disease or live outside the body and produce disease when introduced e. . tetanus Occurrence of Disease – 1. Incidence – the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular period of time 2. Prevalence – number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specific time, regardless of when it first appeared – old and new 3. Sporadic disease – occurs on ly occasionally e. g. typhoid fever 4. Endemic disease – constantly present in a population – e. g. common cold 5. Epidemic disease – Many people in a given area develop disease n short time e. g. AIDS, STD’s 6. Pandemic – Epidemic disease that occurs worldwide e. g. avian flu Severity or Duration of Disease – 1. Acute disease – develops rapidly but only lasts a short time e. g. influenza 2. Chronic Disease – develops more slowly and body’s reactions may be less severe but continues or recurs for long periods of time e. g. Mono, TB & HepB 3. Subacute – Intermediate between Acute and Chronic e. g. Sclerosing panencephalitis 4. Latent Disease – causative agent remains inactive for some time but than becomes active to produce symptoms e. . shingles 5. Herd Immunity – Immunity to disease in most of population Extent of Host Involvement – 1. Local infection – microorganisms limited to relatively small area e. g. boils 2. Systemic infection – Spread throughout the body by blood or lymph e. g. measles 3. Focal infection – local infection enters blood or lymph and spread to other specific body parts where they are co nfined – arise f/ teeth, tonsils, sinus 4. Sepsis – toxic inflammatory condition arising from spread of microbes from a focus of infection 5. Septicemia – blood poisoning systemic infection arising from multiplication of pathogens in blood 6. Bacteremia – presence of bacteria in blood, Toxemia – presence of toxins in blood and viremia – presence of virus in blood 7. Primary infection – acute infection that causes initial illness 8. Secondary infection – caused by an opportunistic pathogen after primary weakens defenses 9. Subclinical (inapparent) infection is one that does not cause any noticeable illness e. g. Polio & HepA can be carried but never developed Patterns of Disease . Sequence – must be reservoir of infection as a source pathogen transmitted to susceptible host by contact or vectors transmission followed by invasion (enters host, multiplies) injures host through pathogenesis 2. Despite these effects, occurance of disease generally depends on resistance Predisposing factors – makes body more susceptible and may alter course of disease 1. Gender – Fem ales more UTI, Men more meningitis 2. Genetic background – sickle cell against malaria 3. Climate and weather – respiratory disease increase in winter 4. Others – nutrition, age environment, lifestyle, habitat, illness, chemo, emotions. Development of Disease – 1. Incubation Period – interval between initial infection and first mild signs and symptoms, time depends on virulence, number of microorganisms, and resistance 2. Prodromal period – characterized by appearance of the first mild signs and symptoms 3. Period of illness – disease at its height and all signs and symptoms apparent, PT dies during this period if not overcome 4. Period of Decline – signs and symptoms subside- vulnerable to secondary infection 5. Period of convalescence – body returns to its pre-diseased state and health is restored The Spread of Infection Reservoirs of Infection – 1. Reservoir of Infection – A continual source of infection- may be human animal or nonliving 2. Human reservoirs – Many people harbor pathogens and transmit them – Carriers are living reservoirs and harbor the disease with or without signs or symptoms – Can carry disease during latent phases such as incubation or convalescent – play important role in spread of AIDS, typhoid fever, diphtheria, hep, gonorrhea, and streptococcal infections 3. Animal Reservoirs – Wild or domestic – Zoonosis are diseases that occur in wild but can be transmitted to humans e. g. Rabies, Lyme disease – Can occur through contact of animal, its waste, consumption or contamination. 4. Nonliving Reservoirs – Soil and Water – Soil e. g. Ringworm, Botulism and Tetanus, Water e. g. – usually contamination related, cholera , typhoid fever Transmission of Disease 1. Contact – spread od an agent of disease by direct contact, indirect contact or droplet transmission a. Direct Contact – touching kissing, intercourse, – Any close physical contact e. . STDs, AIDS, cold, influenza, staph, Hep A, measles etc. b. Indirect Contact – occurs when agent of disease is transmitted from reservoir to host by means of nonliving object – Fomite is a object involved in spread of infection e. g. tissues, bedding, syringes etc. c. Droplet Transmission – microbes are spread in droplet nucle i that travel short distance – Sneezing, coughing, talking – not considered airborne e. g. flu, pneumonia and pertussis 2. Vehicle Transmission – transmission of disease by a medium, such as water food or air and drugs blood IV and body fluids d. Waterborne – contaminated water, cholera leptospirosis e. Foodborne – transported through undercooked, poorly kept or unsanitary food such as tapeworm f. Airborne – droplet nuclei in dust that travels more than 1 meter – measles virus and TB bacteria as well as some spores can be carried in dust and cause disease coccidiodomyosis 3. Vectors – animals that carry disease from one host to another – g. Mechanical Transmission – passive transport on insects feet or body part – houseflies transfer from feces to food h. Biological transmission – active process and more complex – arthropod bites infected person pathogens reproduce in vector increase causes more possibility of transmit. If arthropod vomits or defecates while biting host, can transfer from gut. Often parasites, also includes – Lyme disease, plague, Malaria etc. Nosocomial (Hospital Acquired) Infections 1. A nosocomial infection is any infection that is acquired during the course of stay in a hospital, nursing home or other healthcare facility 2. About 5 – 15% of all hospitalized patients will acquire this 3. Result from combination of weakened host, chain of transmission in hospital and availability of microorganisms in hospital. Microorganisms in the Hospital 1. Often normal flora are a problem when introduced to body in catheters and surgical procedures 2. Major problems include coagulase negative staph, S. aureus, E. coli, Enterococcus, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter, K. pnuemoniae, Candida albicans 3. Most frequent are opportunistic gram negative, drug resistant Compromised Host 1. Resistance impaired by disease, therapy and burns. 2. Two principals – Broken skin/Mucous membranes and suppressed immunity . Broken skin and mucous membranes – disable first line of defense 4. Invasive devices also cause problems 5. Adverse effects to B and T Cells compromise host Chain of Transmission – 1. Direct transmission from staff member to patient and among patients 2. Fomites such as catheters, syringes and respiratory devices Control of Nosocomial Infections – 1. Aseptic techniques can prevent – Hand washing most important 2. Hospital infection control staff members are responsible for overseeing proper cleaning, storage and handling of equipment and supplies Emerging Infectious Diseases . EID’s are new or changing, increasing recently and showing future increase. 2. Number of factors contribute to emergence including new strains which may result from genetic recombination (E. coli), a new serovar resulting from changes or evolution (Vibrio cholerea) , use of antibiotics and pesticide to cause resistance, changes in weather patterns (Hantavirus), modern transportation (West Nile), Ecological changes from natural disasters construction or wars, animal control measures (kill deer predators, more deer, more Lyme disease and failures in public health measures. . CDC priorities (1) Detect investigate and monitor pathogens and disease (2) Expand basic and applied research on ecological and environmental factors microbial changes and host in teraction (3) Enhance public information (4) Establish plans to monitor and control worldwide Epidemiology 1. The science of epidemiology is the study of transmission incidence and frequency of disease 2. Modern epidemiology began in mid-1800s with the works of Snow, Semmelweis and Nightingale 3. Descriptive Epidemiology – data about infected people is collected and analyzed – includes info about person place and period 4. Analytical epidemiology – analyzes disease to determine probable cause – (case control method) a group of infected people is compared with an uninfected group or (Cohort Method) people in contact with an agent vs. hose not in contact with the same agent 5. Experimental Epidemiology – controlled experiments designed to test hypothesis are performed e. g. placebo studying 6. Case reporting provides data on incidence and prevalence to local, state and national health officials 7. The CDC is the main source of epidemiologic information in the US 8. The CDC publishes the Morbidity and Mortality weekly report to provide info on incidence and deaths.

Estimation of pH Essay

Acid-base titration calculations Aim: This experiment is designed to train our skills of calculation in titration as well as help us to be familiar with the procedures of titration. Background: 1. Titration is a technique which involves measuring the volume of one solution which just reacts completely with another solution. 2. A pipette is designed to deliver exactly the same volume each time it is used. 3. A burette is equipment fitted with a tap and is calibrated so as to accurately measure a variable volume of solution. 4. Tire is the volume of the second solution required in titration. Method: The whole experiment is based on computer simulation. To train our calculation skills in titration, two trials are set. One is titration between a strong acid and a strong base. The other is between a weak acid and a strong base. In this experiment, the strong acid is HCl, the strong base is NaOH and the weak acid is CH3COOH. Strong acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add HCl into the burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Weak acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add CH3COOHhe burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Apparatus: Pipette 25ml Burette 50ml pH meter Beaker 80ml Chemicals: Barium Hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 Hydrochloric Acid, HCl Ethanoic Acid, CH3COOH Bromothymol Blue Safety: Follow the rules in the laboratory and wear the safety goggles. Set up of apparatus: Procedure: Strong acid and strong base 1. I set up the apparatus. 2. I measured 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. I transferred the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. I added Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. I added HCl into the burette. 6. I turned on the pH meter. 7. I inserted the probes into the beaker. 8. I read the reading on burette. 9. I started titrating. 10. I read the final volume. 11. I removed the probes. Weak acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add CH3COOHhe burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Data collection: Strong acid and strong base Initial pH in the beaker 15.03 Final pH in the beaker 2.79 Volume of HCl added 41.02ml Weak acid and strong base Initial pH in the beaker 14.90 Final pH in the beaker 2.57 Volume of HCl added 38.60ml Data processing: Strong acid and strong base The chemical equation for this reaction 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) Weak acid and strong base The chemical equation for this reaction 2 CH3COOH (aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) (CH3COOH)2Ba (aq) + 2H2O(l) Graph: Strong acid and strong base Screenshot of the software Graph of the pH in the beaker against volume added Weak acid and strong base Screenshot of the software Graph of the pH in the beaker against volume added Conclusion: The concentration of hydrochloric acid in the first trial is The concentration of ethanoic acid in the second trial is Evaluation and improvement: 1. As what I have discovered, all the graphs of a certain reaction in this software are the same. There is no difference in the graph if the concentration is changed. Also the graph is distinct points rather than a curve. During the experiment, sometimes failure occurred. Thus the only improvement could be done is to change another software.

Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essayEssay Writing Service

Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essayEssay Writing Service Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essay Influence of the Age Factor on Second Language Acquisition essaySecond language acquisition is a complex processwhich depends on a number of factors, such as cognitive development, cultural background, personal abilities, motivation, socio-economic background, age and the level of native language acquisition. Age is one of the important factors which influence second language acquisition. In addition, the age has strong influence on the level of native language acquisition and thus has additional meaning for the study process. Multiple researches have been performed in order to trace the relations between the age and second language acquisition. All these studies agree that age has an extremely important influence on language learning and that different researches in this field may greatly contribute to the theory and practice of second language acquisition. A lot of authors such as Ellis (2008), Larsen-Freeman (2008) and Mayberry and Lock (2003) state that younger learners are more successful in language study than aged ones.   The interconnection between age and second language acquisition is evident and it is necessary to trace peculiarities of this connection. This study aims to trace correlation between the success of language acquisition and learners’ age.FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONIt is important to explain the notion of second language acquisition. Under this process specialists understand the process of acquiring other but foreign language. Studies in this field are concerned with the investigation of the process where learner acquires any other but his first language. This process can occur both – in the natural surrounding and in the form of the organized study process.   The time of the beginning of study may differ significantly and may thus influence the results of the learning.First of all, it is necessary to distinguish factors which influence the learning process when it comes to second language acquisi tion. Different specialists name different factors. For example, Yigiter (1988) distinguishes three factors which have influence on language learning. These factors include the role of teacher, the leaner and his position, and the learning method.   Collier (1988) named leaner’s cognitive style, progress in native language acquisition and social and economic situation as the most influencing factors.The age of learning is one of the most important factors in the process of second language learning. A lot of specialists believe that it has extremely important influence on the results of the study.CRITICAL PERIOD HYPOTHESES  Lenneberg (1967), one of the pioneers of the researches in the field of second language acquisition, expresses the   idea that there is a certain period of language learning which should be considered by teachers and educators. His ideas got name Critical Period Hypotheses in language acquisition and expressed a thought that there is a period during w hich language acquisition is easy and natural. The Critical Period Hypothesis can be defined as â€Å"the period during which a child can acquire language easily, rapidly, perfectly, and without instruction† (Richards Schmidt, 2002, p.145). During this period leaning process goes more successfully and the learners are more likely to achieve good results. This is explained by the fact that learning language is an innate characteristic peculiar to all human beings. It is regulated by the biological factors and they determine the certain period when acquisition is the most effective.   This period lasts from two years to puberty. Starting from the age of two human brain becomes ready to acquire new things and to create new connections and correlations between things and objects. As Lenneberg (1967)   states in his famous book Biological Foundations of Language at the age of two or three years the period when the language can be acquired easier than in other time of life. Th is period lasts till the age of puberty. During this period language acquisition gives the best results and this is explained by the peculiarities of human brain.   So   according to this hypothesis during certain period of time human brain is naturally inclined to learn.This process lasts during childhood and youth and declines after puberty. Despite the fact that Lenneberg (1967)   himself names different time limits to this period, he still traces strong correlation between human activity and puberty. According to him after the period of puberty language abilities quickly become worse and the process of leaning becomes less effective. After puberty the functioning of brain changes in such a way that basic skill which are necessary for the successful language acquisition decline.   Ã‚  During this period learners show the best results in second language acquisition.   Lenneberg explains the duration of this period from biological point of view and uses the notion of late ralization. Lenneberg believes that language function is an innate characteristic of human brain and the process of language acquisition is not the process of learning new things but rather the process of the activation of the function which already exists.Lenneberg presupposes that during the childhood and early youth the right hemisphere takes part in the process of learning language. According to him, in the beginning both hemispheres take part in the process and it has got the name lateralization. Lateralization is a process when two sides of the brain develop special function. With the flow of time right hemisphere loses its language function and it passes totally to the left one.  Ã‚   As soon as this process is over, language acquisition become more difficult. Lateralization is usually finished by the age of puberty. So, after the age of puberty language acquisition becomes more difficult. Lenneberg made different research and spend much time to investigate the critical per iod of successful language learning. He compared pronunciation of people who started learning language before the puberty period and after it and came to the conclusion that people who start learning language later than puberty period can not acquire the right accent in contrast to children and teenagers who start second learning acquisition before puberty and speak with little accent or without accent at all. These argument are also supported by the study performed by Fathman (1975)   and Williams(1979).   Fathman summed up his research in the work called The Relationship Between Age and Second Language Productive Ability, Language Learning, and Williams in the article called The Modification of Speech Perception and Production in Second Language Learning. After several years of study of pronunciation they came to the conclusion that younger students were more likely to adapt the pronunciation of the language acquired while the older ones were more likely to speak with an accen t. These researches prove again the findings of Lenneberg about the critical period hypothesis. Later researchers have also proved his ideas about brain activity and connections between left and right hemispheres. Critical Period Hypothesis is an important notion in the study of   the influence of age on second language acquisition. Despite the fact Lenneberg made his investigation a lot of years ago his ideas are still up to date and most of them are useful nowadays. Knowledge about Critical Period can become a powerful tool for teaches of the second foreign language and for those who wants to acquire it. The functioning of brain and the structure of human psychics definitely have an extremely important influence on the process of language study and this knowledge can increase teaching results to a great extent.OLDER LEARNERS AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONA lot of researches started taking for granted Lenneberg’s studies about age limitation (12-13 years) in the second la nguage acquisition. However, still there are researches (Singleton) which show that older learners are also successful in the second language and able to reach the same level or even higher as the young learners do. Singleton states that language capacity of some immigrants improves with time. He refers to Ervin-Tripp which took place in 1974 as an example: â€Å"Ervin-Tripp conducted of 31 young English speaking children who had been exposed to French for a period that spanned nine months. The results of Ervin-Tripp’s research showed that the older students outperformed the younger learners in every field of the learning process† (Singleton, 2004, p.184). He also gives another example of Dutch learners who started learning English in the classroom after the age of twelve. These learners were able to gain native-like accent (Singleton, 2004).   However, these are single cases and more exceptions from the rule and even Singleton himself states that for the long run yo ung learners are able to reach more language proficiency than those who started learning the second language after twelve.Krashen (1979) also investigates this subject and presents short- and long-term results in the second language acquisition among children and adults. His conclusions are the following: adults and older children come through stages of morphological and syntactic development quicker than children, but early start or second language learning usually guarantees higher general language proficiency with the flow of time.STAGES of SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITIONThe process of Second Language Acquisition consitsts of 5 stages. Haynes (2007) marks out the following stages: Preproduction, Early Production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate Fluency and Advanced Fluency. The Preproduction stage is also called â€Å"the silent stage† and the learner’s vocabulary is up to 500 words at this period. At the Early Production stage the learner’s vocabulary grows up to 1000 words and he/she is already able to build up simple phrases and use short language forms. At the stage of Speech Emergency the vocabulary is about 3000 words and the learner builds simple phrases and sentences here. The stage of Intermediate Fluency presumes the vocabulary of about 6000 words and at this stage the learner is able to make more complex sentences and his/her comprehension of the second language is great. The last stage called Advanced Fluency can be compared with almost native speaker’s language abilities, however, it takes time to achieve it – around 5-10 years in average (Haynes, 2007).Halgunseth (2009), a SLA researcher, states that children can learn the second language in two ways: simultaneously or sequentially. Simultaneous learners are children under three who learn their mother tongue at home and acquire the second language in the kindergarten or other close surrounding. Young children from multi-language families also learn two or even mor e languages simultaneously: mum speaks German, for example, and dad speaks English. The child makes no difference between the languages and does not choose the favourite one. He/she subconsciously knows what language to use with a particular member of the family and does not mix them up. Children’s brain allows them to learn more than one language. If children hear two different languages, they construct two different language systems in their brain. Each system corresponds to the one language. The construction of such systems reminds the process of language acquisition which occurs when the person stats learning not native language.   (Halgunseth 2009). If one language is more frequently used in the family and prevails over the second one, with time the child feels it and declines   it. The frequency of the language usage may also depend on the time spent with the member who speaks the particular language.The sequent learning presumes the usage of one language as the mot her tongue (the main language) and introduction of the second language at extra classes or language school, for example.   Halgunseth (2009)   insists that the age factor is crucial for the simultaneous learning, while it is not so important for the sequent learning. The factors which influence the sequent learning are motivation and language capacity.CONCLUSIONIt is generally believed that younger learners are more successfully in mastering the second language. A lot of specialists believe that the younger the learner is, the easier the study process goes. In reality the relationship between and success in learning second language is complex . From the one side Critical Period Hypothesis theory states that early age is the best age for language acquisition, from the other side mystery in native language contributes greatly to the successful acquisition of the second language. There are specialists who doubt The Critical Period Hypothesis and state that older learners show bette r results than the younger ones. For example, David Singleton (2003) expressed an idea that â€Å"younger learners to do better in the long run in the matter of second language lexical acquisition is no more than a tendency† (p. 22). In addition, other factors have also a very strong impact on language acquisition. A lot of authors state that surrounding and social factors have a very important impact on the study success. For example, if the person learns language in the class during lessons, his result will be different from the person’s results person who lives in the language environment and has an opportunity to hear the target language all the time. In addition, some specialists believe that older learners have better language competency and have better abilities for problem solving and thus can achieve better results in language acquisition. Different aspects of language are perceived differently by different age categories. Early learners show better results in learning pronunciation, while older students acquire grammar and syntax better. Language capacity is another factor which has an important impact on second language acquisition. Some people have natural ability to language study while others do not and these tendencies are only reinforced by age factors.

9 Famous Teacher Quotes

9 Famous Teacher Quotes What was unique about teachers who educated famous people such as Einstein, Abraham Lincoln, and the like? Were these teachers specially qualified to inspire their students to achieve fame and success? Or were these teachers just plain lucky to have exceptionally talented students? Do some teachers have the rare quality of turning dust into gold? The answer may not be easy to find. Good teachers are hard to find. Teaching institutes that offer the best facilities may attract the creme de la creme of teaching talent. However, a monetary incentive may not necessarily translate into good teaching. I have come across many selfless and good teachers working in NGOs and in charity organizations. These teachers are motivated simply by the joy of teaching. They take great pleasure in watching their students grow. They may not earn their share of fame and fortune, but they are truly wealthy in their benevolence. In this age of speedy information technology, you can access teachers from across the globe. Want to learn Spanish? Why not learn from a Spanish expert? Want to improve your dancing skills? There is no dearth of video tutorials.   A teachers job is never over even after the class is over. A teacher has to encourage each child to reach his or her potential. A teacher has to find ways to make learning fun, easy, and inspiring. Teachers have to explore various methods of instruction to enable higher learning. Tools merely assist the teacher. They cannot teach by themselves. Share these teacher quotes with your favorite teachers and bring a smile to their face. Andy RooneyMost of us end up with no more than five or six people who remember us. Teachers have thousands of people who remember them for the rest of their lives.Haim G. GinottTeachers are expected to reach unattainable goals with inadequate tools. The miracle is that at times they accomplish this impossible task.AnonymousLeading a child to learnings treasures, gives a teacher untold pleasuresAnonymousTeachers dont impact for a year, but for a lifetime.Chinese proverbTeachers open the door. You enter by yourself.Bill MuseI think a secure profession for young people is history teacher, because in the future, there will be so much more of it to teach.Howard LesterI have been maturing as a teacher. New experiences bring new sensitivities and flexibility...HippocratesI swear... to hold my teacher in this art equal to my own parents; to make him partner in my livelihood; when he is in need of money to share mine with him; to consider his family as my own brothers and to teach them this a rt, if they want to learn it, without fee or indenture. Edward BlishenLife is amazing: and the teacher had better prepare himself to be a medium for that amazement.

Aspects of contract and negligence for business Assignment - 1

Aspects of contract and negligence for business - Assignment Example Chen-Wishart (2012), explains that the process of making and an offer and its acceptance follows the â€Å"mirror image† rule. This implies that the other party accepts the terms of the contract just as stipulated in the offer. Consideration is yet another element of a contract that refers to a substance of value the two parties promise to exchange in the course of the transaction. The consideration validates the existence of a contract. Also known as, the â€Å"meeting of the minds† mutuality refers to the consensus the two parties must have about the terms of the contract. Before creating a legally binding agreement, the two parties must understand and agree to the unique terms of the contract. The terms are vital aspects of a contract since they influence the entire process of undertaking the activity. The two parties must, therefore, understand the terms of the offer. At the acceptance stage, the second party promises to undertake the activity as stipulated in the terms. The offering party, on the other hand, promises not to change the original terms since the contract laws bar changing such terms unless the two parties agree to. This makes mutuality an important feature in contracts (Frey & Frey 2001). The terms that Joe and Dilon set for their contract have some aspects of ambiguity. As explained earlier, in the creation of a contract the terms must always follow the mirror image rule. The mirror image rule dictates that the offer and the acceptance must never vary the terms of the contract. In the case, Dilon’s terms dictate that Joe must sell the products at the original quoted price. After filling the form, which indicated his acceptance of the offer, Joe provides his terms in which he indicates that the prices may increase. Such is a bargain, and the terms of the contract between the two parties are ambiguous. Despite the ambiguity between Joe and Dilon, the two form a legally binding contract. Joe must make the running